“Friendship, far from being reduced to a spontaneous affinity or mutual attraction of temperaments, constitutes a relational experience that engages fundamental structures of the psyche. From a psychoanalytic perspective, it involves not only conscious bonds, but also unconscious displacements that shape its complexity. Sigmund Freud, in Zur Einführung des Narzißmus (1914), argues that the beloved object—and by analogy, the friend—can constitute a projection of the ideal self. In this sense, friendship can be read as a form of transformed narcissism: the friend is chosen not only for their manifest qualities, but for what they embody of the unconscious desire for an idealized image of completeness. However, an exclusively narcissistic interpretation is reductive. Melanie Klein introduced a fundamental distinction between partial object relations and total object relations. While the former involve the fragmentation of the object according to partial drives, the latter imply the ability to recognize the totality of the other, including their contradictory aspects. Genuine friendship, as a total object relationship, requires accepting the ambivalence inherent in all human bonds: love and hostility, the desire for fusion and the need for separation, proximity and distance. In this context, the friend is not a mirror image, but an autonomous subject whose difference cannot always be integrated without conflict.

The authenticity of friendship is therefore measured by its capacity to sustain otherness. Jacques Lacan points out that the other is not simply what complements the self, but what introduces a point of irreducible opacity. The friend, as a symbolically constituted other, cannot be reduced to a mirror function. True friendship involves transcending narcissism, not remaining fixed in it.

Listening, in this context, takes on a structuring value. It is not a matter of interpreting or resolving, but of sustaining the other’s words without appropriation or judgment. Donald Winnicott, when speaking of “good enough presence,” describes a way of being that does not invade or demand immediate reciprocity. In mature friendship, this listening becomes a potential space where the unsaid, the uncertain, and the vulnerable can unfold. When it is not conditioned by need or utility, friendship constitutes an experience of symbolic gratuitousness. It does not seek validation or reward. It does not respond to a logic of debt, merit, or equivalence. Like love that has overcome the compulsion for completeness, it is sustained by the acceptance of imperfection, the renunciation of control, and the ability to accommodate the fragility of the other without interpreting it as a threat.

From a psychoanalytic perspective, therefore, friendship cannot be conceived as an accessory or merely affective bond. It is a relational structure that allows the subject to work through their drives, contain their aggression, and open themselves up to ways of coexisting that are not regulated by domination or strategic exchange. Being a friend, in the most rigorous sense, is not being indulgent or unconditional, but rather being capable of sustaining a bond in which the other does not appear as an extension of the self, but as a presence that destabilizes, challenges, and transforms.

Understood in this way, friendship does not numb, console, or save. Nor does it guarantee emotional stability or constant harmony. What it offers is a form of companionship that, without eliminating psychic conflict, makes it livable. In this shared journey, completeness is not achieved, but a form of presence that makes the fact of existing less inhospitable.